Monsoon variability refers to the annual, seasonal changes in the intensity, duration, and spatial distribution of monsoon rainfall patterns. The monsoon season is characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity, affecting the weather and climate in certain regions, particularly in South and Southeast Asia. Researchers studying monsoon variability focus on understanding the factors that influence the strength and timing of monsoons, such as changes in sea surface temperatures, atmospheric pressure systems, and ocean and land interactions. They also investigate the impacts of monsoon variability on agriculture, water resources, ecosystems, and human populations in affected regions. Overall, research in monsoon variability aims to improve our understanding of these complex weather patterns and their implications for climate change, extreme weather events, and societal resilience.